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The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

For the 20 items below, circle the number next to each item that best reflects how frequently the indicated event was experienced in the past 7 days.

  Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day) Some or a little of the time (1-2 days) Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days) Most or all of the time (5-7 days)

DURING THE PAST WEEK:

        
1. I was bothered by things that usually don't bother me. 0 1 2 3
2. I did not feel like eating; my appetite was poor. 0 1 2 3
3. I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with help from my family or friends. 0 1 2 3
4. I felt that I was just as good as other people. 3 2 1 0
5. I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing. 0 1 2 3
6. I felt depressed. 0 1 2 3
7. I felt that everything I did was an effort. 0 1 2 3
8. I felt hopeful about the future. 3 2 1 0
9. I thought my life had been a failure. 0 1 2 3
10. I felt fearful. 0 1 2 3
11. My sleep was restless. 0 1 2 3
12. I was happy. 3 2 1 0
13. I talked less than usual. 0 1 2 3
14. I felt lonely. 0 1 2 3
15. People were unfriendly. 0 1 2 3
16. I enjoyed life. 3 2 1 0
17. I had crying spells. 0 1 2 3
18. I felt sad. 0 1 2 3
19. I felt that people disliked me. 0 1 2 3
20. I could not get "going." 0 1 2 3

Scoring: Since items 4, 8, 12, and 16 reflect positive experiences rather than negative ones, the scale should be reversed on these items so that 0 = 3, 1 = 2, 2 = 1, and 3 = 0. To determine the "depression score, add together the numbers for each answer. The score will be somewhere in the range of 0 to 60. A score of 16 or greater indicates that some depression may have been experienced in the past week.

Source: Radloff, L.S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3),385-401.

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